SCALENES

• Origin

C2-C7 Vertebrae

• Insertion

First and Second Ribs

• Agonist(s)

Sternocleidomastoid

Levator Scapulae

• Antagonist(s)

- Trapezius

- Rhomboids

- Serratus anterior

- Pectoralis major

• Function

Elevation of Ribs during Inspiration and Flexion of Neck

TRIGGER POINT(S)

• Location

Trigger points in the scalenes are typically found in the anterior, middle, and posterior scalene muscles.

• Pain Referral Pattern

Pain often refers to the front and side of the shoulder, upper chest, upper back, and down the arm.

Pain can also be felt in the thumb and index finger, sometimes mimicking symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome or carpal tunnel syndrome.

• Potential Causes

• Poor posture, especially with a forward head position.

• Repetitive strain from activities that involve neck flexion or rotation.

• Carrying heavy loads, especially on the shoulders.

• Chronic stress and tension.

• Direct trauma or whiplash injuries.

• Prevention Tips

• Maintain good posture, particularly keeping the head aligned over the shoulders.

• Incorporate regular stretching and strengthening exercises for the neck and shoulder muscles.

• Avoid repetitive strain by using proper techniques and taking breaks.

• Manage stress through relaxation techniques and regular physical activity.

• Use ergonomic equipment and proper positioning during activities that involve neck movement.