• Origin

Spinous processes, transverse processes, and vertebral laminae of thoracic vertebrae

Iliac crest (via common tendon) andSacrum (via common tendon).

• Insertion

Ribs (angles and tubercles),

Transverse and spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae,

Mastoid process (longissimus capitis portion, from thoracic origin).

• Agonist(s)

- Multifidus (in spinal extension and stabilization),

- Quadratus lumborum (in lateral flexion),

- Serratus posterior superior (in assisting thoracic movement during respiration).

• Antagonist(s)

- Rectus abdominis,

- External obliques,

- Internal obliques.

• Function

Extend the thoracic spine,

Laterally flex the thoracic spine to the same side,

Maintain upright posture of the upper body

Stabilize thoracic vertebrae during movement and breathing.

TRIGGER POINT(S)

• Location

Typically found adjacent to the thoracic spine, particularly between T4–T12.

Deep to the trapezius, rhomboids, and latissimus dorsi in the mid to lower thoracic region.

May present bilaterally along the spinal column.

• Pain Referral Pattern

Localized aching or burning pain alongside the spine.

Pain may radiate across the mid-back, wrapping slightly toward the ribs.

Referral can mimic intercostal pain, feeling like a tight band around the chest or ribs.

Discomfort often worsens with prolonged sitting, standing, or deep breathing.

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Potential Causes

• Poor posture (such as rounded shoulders or slouching).

• Prolonged computer or desk work without back support.

• Heavy lifting with improper technique.

• Excessive spinal rotation (e.g., sports or twisting injuries).

• Respiratory conditions causing strain during breathing.

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Prevention Tips

• Incorporate regular postural corrections and thoracic mobility exercises.

• Strengthen the core and surrounding musculature to relieve stress on the thoracic spine.

• Use ergonomic chairs and supportive setups for sitting tasks.

• Take frequent breaks from sitting to stretch and mobilize the spine.

• Practice diaphragmatic breathing to reduce accessory muscle overuse.